O Transporte Aéreo Português e Insular - com base ou suporte Publico.

Sobre os serviços públicos de transporte aéreo que tem vindo a se desenvolver e a crescer no espaço nacional e insular, quer no bom sentido quer no mau, vale a pena revisitar artigo publicado nos Açores, no Ano da Graça de 2006, cujo link a seguir se anexa.

ilhas.blogspot.pt

Em caso do link acima estar dispovível, um alternativo segue abaixo

Aviação Insular em 2006

Em altura própria transferir-se-á para aqui sumário do processo que levou à criação, operação, declínio, absorção e transformação da Oceanair Transportes Aéreos Regionais SA, constituída a 10/12/1990 e adquirida pela SATA em 1994, em SATA Internacional em 1998.

A nova era da gestão da água - morte anunciada da gestão da colectiva da água.

 MONDE diplomatique

Le nouvel âge de la gestion de l’eau
Mort annoncée de la gestion communale de l’eau

blog.mondediplo.net (2016-06-17)

"Theory of Financial Illusion" - Amilcare Puviani

"Teoria della illusione finanziaria"
"Die Illusionen in der öffentlichen Finanzwirtschaft"
1903

Seminal work (and Italian book) about Public Finances that, unfortunately, is not easy to locate - and has never been translated to English. The only alternative is the German version, published in 1960.

Some interesting opinions about the author's thoughts ideas and thesis included in the book and about the subject:

 "In 1903, Amilcare Puviani, one of the great personalities of the Italian public finances, published his seminal work Teoria della ilusione finanziaria (Theory of Financial Illusion), which grounded – as mentioned by the title – he theory of fiscal illusion, which later on was adopted and developed by the so-called "Public Choice School". Mentionable in this case is the fact that the Italian theorist introduced the theme of "fiscal illusion" within the larger picture of "political illusion". From the very beginning, we notice that, at the turn of the 20th century, the humankind acknowledged the irrefragable connection between political and economical factors. Moreover, the economical illusion proves to be a component of the political illusion.
.............................................
Coming back to Puviani's theory, let us summarise its main lines by drawing a standard portrait of the taxpayer.
   a) He ignores the types of pays allowed by the public budget;
   b) He does not know the way public expenditure is made;
   c) He ignores the public expenditure quantum and does not check pay dues;
   d) He ignores the timetable of money allotment, be it for a short or for a long term;
   e) He is not aware of the moment when the allotment of public money ceases;
   f) He ignores the goal set by the State when public expenditure is projected and executed;
   g) He ignores the immediate effects of public expenditure;
   h) He ignores the motivation brought in for public expenditure.

Since the second half of the past century, the theoretical minds who framed the thesis of "public choice" have approached the relationship between public debt and the welfare state in terms of fiscal illusion. In point of fact, the governs indebt themselves and spend money easily, almost carelessly, on social assistance. This way, the citizens – also, the virtual voters – are supplied with a makeshift and transitory welfare; on a long - term basis, the public debts appease society and, instead of increasing, they backlash the general welfare."
................................."
http://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/39/16_Dragulin.pdf
 
 
"Fiscal illusion stems from the study of Amilcare Puviani "Financial theory of illusion"1 (1903) and it is defined as the phenomenon that generates a feeling of easing the tax burden and an increase in social benefits, especially possible in those contexts in which the revenue of the State and the financing of public services are not fully known or controlled by the taxpayer.
Fiscal illusion occurs to leading taxpayers due to the mistaken perception of living in a context where there was a reduction in the overall level of taxation or even an increase in expenditure on public goods provided without any increase in taxation. Fiscal illusion becomes evident in those contexts in which an increase in provided public services is unperceived by economic agents. They do not get the perception that this increase in services is not made up during the same period of taxation, but rather through the use of public deficit. This implies a simple shift of the increase in taxation to future years, or of an increase in the supply of money, that generates inflationary pressures. Such pressures will cause increases in fiscal pressure and tax revenues, but only in future years.
_______________________________
1 The theory of “financial illusion” argued that, through the management of public finance, public rulers were used to allocate a substantial part of public financial resources to the ruling class, without the working classes knowing. Therefore, the latter were mislead by tactics and deception to come to incorrect assessments of the aims of policy choices, for example by letting them perceive a reduction in taxes while these increased."
http://www.bankpedia.org/index.php/en/100-english/f/23225-fiscal-illusion

Funções da Economia - e John Kenneth Galbraith

"A ciência económica divorciada da consideração do exercício do poder não faz qualquer sentido e, certamente, não tem qualquer relevância."

 





"Economics divorced from consideration of the exercise of power is without meaning and certainly without relevance."

"The only function of economic forecasting is to make astrology look respectable."

"The study of money, above all other fields in economics, is one in which complexity is used to disguise truth or to evade truth, not to reveal it."

"Economics is extremely useful as a form of employment for economists."

"The process by which banks create money is so simple the mind is repelled."

"With something so important (creation of money), a deeper mystery seems only decent."

"Under capitalism, man exploits man. Under communism, it's just the opposite."

"The production of too many useful things results in too many useless people. "

"In economics, the majority is always wrong."

"Nothing is so admirable in politics as a short memory. “

"As necessidades do consumidor podem ter origem estranha, frívola e até imoral, e no entanto pode defender-se optimamente uma sociedade que procura satisfazê-las. Mas a defesa perde o sentido se é o processo de satisfazer necessidades que as cria.
John Kenneth Galbraith,  in "The Affluent Society"

"Writings"

Even before becoming a president of the American Economic Association, Galbraith was considered as an iconoclast by many economists. This is partly because he rejected the technical analysis and mathematical modelling of neoclassical economics as being divorced from reality. Following Thorstein Veblen, he believed that economic activity could not be distilled into inviolable laws, but rather was a complex product of the cultural and political milieu in which it occurs. In particular, he posited that important factors, such as the separation between corporate ownership and management, oligopoly, and the influence of government and military spending had been largely neglected by most economists because they are not amenable to axiomatic descriptions. In this sense, he worked as much in political economy as in classical economics."
Source: Wikip...

Feira Agrícola e espectáculo hípico (Santana - Azores)

Este ano a Associação Agrícola celebrou, em grande! Inaugurou as suas novas e enormes instalações, com pavilhão de exposição de gado, serviços diversos e novo restaurante.
E, como habitual, integrou espectáculo de hipismo para todos aqueles que, duma forma ou doutra, apreciam estas artes. Entre qualquer coisa próximo de “Dressage” e outras coreografias hípicas ou mistas, o espectáculo foi inovador muito bem conseguido. Pena é que as fotografias recolhidas não têm a qualidade mínima que se justificava para o evento.

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

E a feira de bovinos, propriamente dita, com as habituais Holstein-Frisia em posição de honra.

Todavia as outras raças (Limousine, Ramo Grande, Charolesa e Angus), tiveram numeros e posição digna!

Este ano a Feira Agro-Pecuária teve uma expressão maior que em anos anteriores, incluindo até espectáculos musicais e de dança. A inauguração do novo edifício contribuiu para tal elevação. Espera-se que a "Associação Agricola de S. Miguel" continue focada nos interesses  dos "ganadeiros/lavradores" e não a transfira para a cata de popularidade / visibilidade junto da população citadina.
O novo restaurante da "Associação Agricola" merece um aplauso vibrante!

China - O Dragão modelo ... ou a Torre de Babel?

Tem sido muito limitada a imagem que os media tem passado no ocidente acerca da evolução social, económica e politica de China das últimas décadas. A população nota-a mais pela disseminação das "lojas dos chineses" que pouco ou nada representam daquilo que este país realmente é.

Basta relembrar que foi na China que se realizaram algumas das maiores obras e infra-estruturas mundiais das últimas décadas, entre centrais hidroeléctricas, ferrovias, centrais nucleares, infra-estruturas portuárias e rodoviárias e obras de urbanização maciça.

Para se ter uma ideia aproximada da escala dessa transformação, basta dar uma vista de olhos à produção mundial de cimento que o gráfico a seguir apresenta (2012):

 
A China da última década nada tem a ver com a China da última guerra civil. Não é razoável imaginar que a evolução dos últimos anos decorreu num ambiente de isolamento e autónomo do ocidente mas, mesmo assim, está demasiado grande e poderosa para poder ser considerado um satélite de poderes e interesses ocidentais. Para nós, comuns europeus, a China poderá ainda ser aquele pais longínquo de comedores de arroz mas, para as potencias e poderes mundiais, poderá ser já muito mais importante do que a Europa.

 

 Não, não é Paris! É Tianducheng, na China (Zhejiang).